Genealogy for Beginners
National Heritage Week 2012 talk at Kilrush Library
(in conjunction with Clare
County Library (Est. 1931), Clare Roots Society (Est. 2006) and Kilrush
& District Historical Society (Est. 2012))
11:00am
24 Aug 2012
by Paddy Waldron
Outline:
Where do I start?
Basic free sources
Documenting sources
Irish administrative divisions and genealogical
records
Where do I finish?
- Start with yourself! Then work backwards in time.
- Start with a blank pedigree
chart
- Start with a computer program like Personal Ancestral File (PAF)
or Ancestral
Quest AND online backup like tribalpages or WorldConnect
- e.g. pwaldron.tribalpages.com
(Access Code required)
- Start with your oldest and/or most knowledgeable relatives
- Start with relatives or others who have already done some research -
don't reinvent the wheel
- Start with your family papers - biscuit tin or butter box - in memoriam
cards, newscuttings, family bible, title deeds, wills, intestacies (no
will, maybe a pedigree affidavit)
- Continue with collateral lines (siblings, cousins) - going sidewards to
go backwards
- Start with names, dates and places
- This talk will concentrate on the importance of place
- Start with freely available online sources, working backwards in time
from the most recent.
- Continue with subscription, pay-per-view, etc., sources
-
- Google is great for more unusual names or combinations of names, like
"quin sleeman"; but Google, by accident or design, does not harvest many
genealogy sites.
Ireland
- Roughly in reverse chronological order:
- FamilySearch.org
--- Irish Civil Registration Indexes 1845-1958
- FamilySearch.org's one-size-fits-all search form can mislead
beginners. The indexes don't include spouse or parents, apart from the
birth index from c1928-1958, which includes mother's maiden surname
only. To narrow the search, you can fill in one of (a) birth date
and/or place (b) marriage date and/or place or (c) death date and/or
place. The appropriate placename to use is the Poor Law Union (see
below). Filling in fields which are blank in the record you want will
prevent you from finding it. More details here
- FamilySearch.org
--- Ireland Births and Baptisms mostly 1864-1881
- To narrow the search, you can fill in both parents' first and/or last
names and/or birth date and/or place. The appropriate placename to use
varies from record to record. Try townland or dispensary district or
Poor Law Union or county.
- FamilySearch.org
--- Ireland Marriages mostly 1845-1870
- To narrow the search, you can fill in spouse's and/or father's first
and/or last names and/or marriage date and/or place. Irish marriage
certificates did not include the name of either the groom's mother or
the bride's mother. The appropriate placename to use is generally the
parish.
- FamilySearch.org
--- Ireland Deaths mostly 1864-1870
- To narrow the search, you can fill in death date and/or death place
and/or residence place. Irish death certificates did not include the
name of any relative, unless the informant happened to be a relative,
and even then the relationship may not have been specified. If it was,
then the relationship may be shown in the transcript. The appropriate
placename to use is generally the townland.
- In some non-Irish records the familysearch.org transcriptions may
include father's first name, mother's first name and mother's last
name, but not father's last name! See, for example, many entries in New
Jersey, Marriages, 1678-1985. You must leave the father's last name
blank if you want to find these records.
- Clare
County Library
- 1901 and
1911 Census of Ireland
- Irish
Genealogy
- parish records, free for only about 4 counties, mostly pre-1900
- Griffiths
Valuation (askaboutireland - free)
- Griffiths Valuation
(Irish Origins - subscription)
- Griffiths
Valuation (Find My Past - subscription; also includes Landed Estates
Court Rentals)
- Griffiths Valuation, printed in 1855 for most of county Clare, is
continued up to around the abolition of rates in 1977 in Valuation
Office cancelled books, Irish Life Centre, Abbey Street, Dublin; e.g.,
Moore
Street, Kilrush
- Lewis, Samuel:
Topographical Dictionary of Ireland 1837
- e.g., Kilrush
- Take digital photographs of as much as possible
- Copy and paste the web address/location/URL where you find your online
information from the Address Bar (the bar where www.pwaldron.info currently
appears) to the notes field in your genealogy database
- Mozilla Firefox:
- Right-click on a link to the page or file that you want and select
Copy Link Location (keyboard shortcut: A)
- (Note that in facebook comments there are two links, the top one to
the specific page, the one underneath to the website home page.)
- If the address bar is hidden (one-off fix)
- Alt key
- Menu appears
- View
- Toolbars
- tick Navigation toolbar
- Ctrl-L highlights address; Ctrl-C copies address; hold Alt and keep
hitting <Tab> to get to your desired application; Ctrl-V pastes
address
- Ctrl-D adds the current page to Bookmarks; top-right dropdown arrow
allows you to select the folder in which to file it
- Microsoft Internet Explorer
- Right-click on a link to the page or file that you want and select
Copy Shortcut (no keyboard shortcut?)
- Address bar always visible (?)
- Alt-D highlights address; Ctrl-C copies address; hold Alt and keep
hitting <Tab> to get to your desired application; Ctrl-V pastes
address
- Alt, Favorites, Add to Favorites adds the current page to Favorites;
dropdown to select folder in which to file it.
- Google Chrome
- Right-click on a link to the page or file that you want and select
Copy link address (no keyboard shortcut?)
- Address bar always visible (?)
- Ctrl-L highlights address; Ctrl-C copies address; hold Alt and keep
hitting <Tab> to get to your desired application; Ctrl-V pastes
address
- point-and-click white star at end of address bar to bookmark the
current page; dropdown to select folder in which to file it
- If the website subsequently disappears, or if you find a subsequently
changed link on any web page, you may find what you want in the Wayback
Machine
- Due to spelling variations or common names, searching by place may be the
easiest way to find your ancestors
- Ireland has been partitioned in different ways at many different times in
history
- Making life simple for future genealogists was not important to those
creating records
- It is worth investing a little effort to learn about the different
subdivisions and their uses
- Understanding the system will save money squandered on ordering the wrong
records
- Local spelling variations can be encountered in placenames as well as
personal names.
- A good ear for Irish placenames will help to identify the relevant
records, but trial and error may be required, and a good knowledge of
administrative divisions certainly is.
- Some websites designers risk causing confusion by inventing their own new
terms for historic subdivisions
- The following tips aim to prevent any possible confusion
- For example, 1911
Census Form N has spaces for eleven potentially overlapping layers of
subdivision:
- Parliamentary Division
- Constabulary District
- and Sub-District
- City, Urban District, Town or Village
- Parliamentary Borough
- Barony
- Parish
- Poor Law Union
as well as for
- District Electoral Division
- Townland or Street; and
- County
which may be familiar from the online transcriptions of the census. (Some
of the above are relevant only in urban areas.)
- Large subdivisions: Anglo-Irish Treaty 6 Dec 1921:
- 26 county Irish Free State and 6 county Northern Ireland
- Castleblaney Poor Law
Union was also partitioned, as it straddled the new border
- Armagh and Londonderry probate
districts were also partitioned
- so copies of some pre-1922 BMD and probate records may be found on
both sides of the border
- New administrative subdivisions almost never respected pre-existing
divisions
- Let's start with small subdivisions, and concentrate on ancestors living
in more rural areas
- TOWNLANDS:
- Pre-Norman origins
- Boundaries mapped and spellings standardised by Ordnance Survey of
Ireland, Est. 1824, completed 1846
- Spellings still vary greatly in everyday usage
- 61,103(ish) townlands at logainm.ie
- Searchable IreAtlas database re-keyed from
1851 book by John Broderick R.I.P. (aka SeanRuad) (d.2001)
- For each townland, the database shows in which County, Barony, Civil
Parish, Poor Law Union and Province it lies
- Minor typos: ENNIS T. omitted; Termon West in Kilferagh, not
Kilfearagh; Doonogan listed as being in Clonderalaw Barony and Killimer Civil Parish, but is actually in Ibrickan Barony and Kilmurry Civil Parish
- Names are not unique: 236 townlands called Glebe
- Parish name usually used to distinguish between two townlands with
the same name, e.g. Acres [Drumcreehy], Acres [Feakle], Acres
[Kilmacduane]
- Townlands divided between different landlords: e.g. Sallybank
(Merritt) and Sallybank (Parker) in Clare; Ballinacurra (Bowman),
Ballinacurra (Hart) and Ballinacurra (Weston) in Limerick
- To avoid ambiguity, one must use maps as well as indexes, lists and
databases
- Original maps, e.g. Milltown,
St. Peter's Parish, county Dublin
- Parish maps, e.g. townlands
in Kilrush parish
- Appear in some parish register entries
- Appear on birth and death certificates, but not in indexes
- e.g., births
in Moveen (some Moveen East townland, some Moveen West townland)
from familysearch.org Ireland Births and Baptisms collection (late
1870s)
- Used to organise Griffith's Valuation
- e.g., Beagh,
co. Limerick
- Used to organise 1901 and 1911 census returns
- e.g., 1911
census of Moveen East townland
- Official names not always used locally - e.g. Rhynagonaught,
Derryard, Parkduff, Clohanes and Doughmore near Doonbeg are not
official townland names
- Clohanes comprises part or all of four townlands: Cloonnagarnaun,
Cloonmore, Carrowmore and Carrowmore North
- Subtownland names historically and even today used locally - e.g. Pulleen
in Glascloon, Clifden and Newtown Killeen near Doonbeg; Newtown
in Carrownaweelaun, Oldtown in Knocknagarhoon
- It is critically important to establish the official name of the
townland in which your ancestors lived and to locate it on the OSI
map.
- (DISTRICT) ELECTORAL DIVISIONS (DEDs)
- Small groups of townlands (average c.18 townlands per DED)
- Boundaries established by Poor Law Boundary Commission in 1830s,
slight revisions after the Famine
- 3,495 electoral divisions at logainm.ie
- Names sometimes taken from a townland within the DED (e.g. Moveen),
sometimes not (e.g. St. Martins)
- Used to organise 1901 and 1911 census returns
- e.g., 1911
census of Moveen DED and 1911
census of Clare
- DED names are not unique - two
Castletowns in County Limerick
- Names can change - Mount
Elva in 1901 became Ballyvaghan
in 1911
- DEDs can be broken up - Dysert
in 1901 became Dysert
and Kilnamona
in 1911 (more details here)
- Also Kilkee
in 1901 became Kilkee
and Kilfearagh
in 1911
- Each DED elected one Poor Law Guardian (PLG) to the local Board of
Guardians (comprising elected and ex officio guardians) which
administered the Workhouse
- Since 1994, known as Electoral Divisions
- Maps at
logainm.ie
- Valuation Office cancelled books are bound by DED
- Use the census
search form to find the DED in which a given townland lies
- If your ancestors lived in a DED which shared its name with a
townland, make sure whether or not they lived in that townland
- DISPENSARY DISTRICTS or DISPENSARY AND REGISTRATION DISTRICTS or
REGISTRAR'S DISTRICTS
- Small groups of DEDs (approximately 798 in total; average c.5 DEDs
per Dispensary District)
- Boundaries established under the Medical Charities Act of 1851
- Used for registration of births, all marriages and deaths from 1 Jan
1864
- One book for each Dispensary District for births, for marriages and
for deaths in the Sandfield Centre in Ennis and other local
registration offices
- Each Dispensary District had a Registrar, usually the local
dispensary doctor, who registered births and deaths; the clergy were
involved in registration of marriages.
- Sometimes took names of DEDs (underlined
on maps) and/or townlands within their boundaries
- Often took now obscure names, e.g. Annacarriga (includes Killaloe),
Killanniv (includes Kilmaley), Coolacasey (includes Sixmilebridge),
Cragaknock (includes Mullagh)
- Use the map to
find the Dispensary District in which a given DED lies
- Appear on birth and death certificates, but not in civil registration
indexes
- e.g., births
in Annicariga from familysearch.org Ireland Births and Baptisms
(1860s and 1870s)
- If Ireland Births and Baptisms shows a page number (often misrecorded
as a christening location), then the placename always refers to the
Dispensary District.
- Further discussion on Clare
Past Forum and Clare
County Library website
- With common names, knowing the Registration District makes it easier
to locate the relevant birth records (1864-1881)
- POOR LAW UNIONS (PLUs) or SUPERINTENDENT REGISTRAR'S DISTRICTS (or, at
familysearch.org and ancestry.com, mis-described as registration
districts).
- Under Poor Law (in England), care of the poor was traditionally based
on parishes
- PLUs were (roughly) unions of parishes brought together to care for
the poor
- Boundaries of the original 130 PLUs established by Poor Law Boundary
Commission in the late 1830s
- But parish boundaries were not always respected
- e.g., Kilfinaghta parish split between Ennis, Limerick and (later)
Tulla PLUs
- Neither were county boundaries respected
- e.g., Limerick PLU straddles the boundary between counties Clare and
Limerick, Scarriff PLU straddled the boundary between counties Clare
and Galway until 1898
- Board of Guardians oversaw the running of the PLU
- Use the townland
index to find the PLU in which a given townland lies
- Clare originally comprised all or parts of five Poor Law Unions:
Ennis, Ennistimon, Kilrush, Limerick, Scarriff
- Boundaries of administrative divisions often changed over time!
- Kildysart carved out of Kilrush and Ennis in 1850
- Tulla carved out of Ennis and Scarriff in 1850, amalgamated with
Scarriff in 1907
- Ballyvaghan and Corofin carved out of Ennistimon in 1852
- PLU appears in Civil
Registration Indexes of BMDs, so search by PLU
- e.g., only
eight registrations in Tulla after 1908 (transcription errors or
late registrations?)
- Kilrush gives its name to a townland,
a Dispensary District, a PLU and 2 DEDs (Kilrush Urban, Kilrush
Rural)
- With uncommon surnames, one can sometimes deduce that all occurences
of a name in a PLU are a single family, e.g. Brew
births in Killadysert
- CIVIL PARISHES
- 2,566 civil parishes in Ireland at logainm.ie; 81 civil parishes in
county Clare at clarelibrary.ie
- parishes a little bigger on average than DEDs
- Of early Christian origin
- Used as the basis of Tithe
Applotment Books (1823-1837)
- Used by the Established Church (Church of Ireland to 1800, United
Church of England and Ireland (1801-1870)), Anglican Church
- Boundaries mapped and spellings standardised by Ordnance Survey of
Ireland,
- Civil parish boundaries may not respect townland boundaries: Trusclieve and Tullig
(Kilballyowen/Moyarta), Knocknahooan
(Kilrush/Killimer)
- Ireland
Reaching Out has its own ideas about Clare parishes (83):
- Clonrush called Whitegate
- Ennis and Ennistymon listed in addition to Drumcliff and
Kilmanaheen
- Kilconry omitted
- County Clare included in the list of parishes
- Use the townland
index to find the civil parish in which a given townland lies
- CATHOLIC PARISHES
- Roughly based on civil parishes; boundaries diverged
post-Reformation
- Often known by the name of the main town or village
- e.g., Kilfearagh/Kilkee, Killard/Doonbeg, Moyarta/Carrigaholt,
Kilballyowen/Cross
- Two or more adjoining parishes occasionally split or merged
- e.g., Kilkee and Doonbeg administered jointly until Fr. Comyn P.P.
died on 7 Nov 1854; Carrigaholt and Cross administered jointly until
Fr. Meehan P.P. died on 24 Jan 1878; Mullagh and Miltown Malbay
administered jointly until Fr. McGuane P.P. died in 1839 (see here
and Limerick Chronicle 30 Mar 1839: 'The Rev. Anthony M`Guane,
P.P. of Miltown and Kilmurry, county Clare.')
- Shown on irishgenealogy.ie
as Parish/Church/Congregation when the Area is (RC)
- Marriages traditionally took place in the bride's home parish
- But once railway transport became commonplace, strong farmers and the
merchant class often travelled to a more fashionable big town or city
for weddings, e.g. Ennis, Limerick, Dublin, even London, nowadays
Rome
- Check whether the townland in which your ancestors lived was always
in the same Catholic parish that it is in today
- If PLU and Dispensary District boundaries did not respect parish
boundaries, then marriages in the local church could be registered in a
different PLU or Dispensary District from home births and deaths
- e.g., there are eight
townlands in Kilmurry Ibrickan civil parish which lie in Ennistimon
Poor Law Union, with the remainder of the civil parish, including the
churches, in Kilrush PLU
- DIOCESES or AREAs (at irishgenealogy.ie)
- traditionally every diocese had access to the coast or major inland
waterways, so that the Bishop could travel to Rome without passing
through another diocese
- 26 Catholic dioceses in Ireland at Catholic-Hierarchy
- 12 Anglican
dioceses
- see map of
Catholic Archdioceses, Dioceses and Provinces
- e.g., Killaloe is both a town in county Clare and a diocese extending over
parts of counties Clare, Limerick, Tipperary, Offaly and Laois,
extending almost (but not quite) as far as Borris-in-Ossory
in the Diocese of Ossory.
- Canon Law gives parish clergy responsibility for Catholic parish
registers, but they are usually influenced by diocesan policy
- BARONIES
- 346 baronies at logainm.ie (average c.7 parishes per
barony)
- may not respect other boundaries, e.g. Knocknahooan
townland (Moyarta/Clonderalaw) or Kilmacduane parish (Acres townland in
Ibrickan; remainder in Moyarta)
- used in lists of freeholders
- e.g. 1821
- the basis of Coroners' Districts from 1847 (Clare Journal, 4 March 1847):
- Kilrush Coroner's District: Moyarta, Ibrickane and Clonderalaw
- Tulla Coroner's District: Upper and Lower Tulla, Upper and Lower Bunratty
- Ennis Coroner's District: Islands, Inchiquin, Burren and Corcomroe
- fell into disuse after 1898
- COUNTIES
- Ireland was shired in the middle ages (Wicklow in 1606 was the last
county formally established)
- traditionally 32 counties
- "County Fingal" established c.1994, signposts didn't last long
- County Councils established 1898
- The area around Whitegate and Mountshannon moved from county Galway
to county Clare in 1898 (Clonrush parish, most of Inishcaltra parish,
and one townland in Feakle parish)
- IRISH FAMILY HISTORY FOUNDATION (IFHF) CENTRES
- Based on a mixture of diocesan and county boundaries
- Most of Clare not covered at rootsireland.ie
- Cratloe and Parteen/Meelick parishes part of Limerick
Genealogy
- Different boundaries for different religious denominations
- e.g., St. Paul's Catholic parish in Dublin part of Swords Heritage Centre;
St. Paul's Church of Ireland parish part of irishgenealogy.ie
- PROVINCES
- Four or five? (Meath)
- County boundaries are respected
- GAA PROVINCES
- Galway are 2012 Leinster Hurling Champions!
- CATHOLIC PROVINCES
- Four, one under each archdiocese (see map)
- Diocesan boundaries are respected
- ANGLICAN PROVINCES
- ELECTORAL CONSTITUENCIES
- Boundaries reviewed after each census
- TELEPHONE AREA CODES
- Cuid a Dó last published 1985
- 01, 02, 04, 05, 06, 07/09
- A future genealogical source (after mobiles replace landlines!)
- AN EXAMPLE
- Doonbeg DED provides good examples of most of the anomalies that can
arise in dealing with Irish administrative divisions. Doonbeg DED
comprises eight townlands. Doonbeg townland is divided into two parts
for the 1911 census, Doonbeg Town and plain Doonbeg, the rural part of
the townland. In local usage, parts of Doonbeg townland are known by
local names such as Rhynagonaught. Five of the eight townlands are in
Killard civil parish and the other three in Kilmacduane civil parish.
The Killard townlands and one of the Kilmacduane townlands (Acres) are
in Ibrickan barony; the other two Kilmacduane townlands are in Moyarta
barony. Three of the Killard townlands (Cloonmore, Carrowmore and
Carrowmore North), along with Cloonnagarnaun in Cloonadrum DED, are
known locally as Clohanes, and are separated from the rest of Killard
parish by the Scivileen river. The road from Clohanes to the rest of
Doonbeg parish goes through Kilmacduane parish. Carrowmore South
townland, which does not adjoin Carrowmore North townland, is in
Knocknagore DED but still in Killard civil parish.
- A family history is never finished!
- Keep trying to go back another generation
- Explore new sources
- Revisit old sources
- Trace the emigrants
- Add current births, marriages and deaths
- Further reading: